Shift of The Neutral-Niche Dynamics in The Human Microbiome Under Disturbances Associated with Lifestyle Changes

 Abstract

Background: It is well recognized by now that human micro biome has far reaching influences on our healthy and diseases.
One venue to investigate the influences can be through the study of the mechanisms of microbial community assembly and diversity
maintenance. In this article, we apply a hybrid model of neutral-niche dynamics by Ofiteru et al. to reanalyze the dataset from
David et al.’s study on the effects of life style to the micro biome of two individuals, aiming to explore the shift of the neutral-niche
dynamics in the human micro biota.
Results: We obtained two major findings. First, in gut, Faecali bacterium prausnitzii, an anti-inflammatory bacterium, exhibited
high neutral dynamics, and few other species showed similar level of neutral dynamics. In contrast, in the oral micro biome, more
species demonstrated high neutral dynamics. Second, we detected some bacterial species whose neutral-niche dynamics are
strongly associated with the occurrences of disturbances such as change of diets and infection.
Conclusions: We postulate that the difference between gut and oral micro biota could be due to the open gateway nature of oral
habitat, which makes it difficult for niche-selected species to maintain. The balance shift in the neutral-niche dynamics may play an
important role in dysbiosis and possess broad health implication.

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Nutritional and Protein Characterization of the Leachate Produced in the São Paulo Zoo Composting Unit

Introduction

In recent years the, Foundation Zoological Park of São Paulo (FZPSP) implemented and put into operation the Organic Composting Production Unit (OCPU). The main goal of this action was to give a new destination to the organic waste collected daily in the park since before that sustainable attitude, this waste had the same fate as the usual household waste: landfills. Currently, the composting produced in OCPU serves as fertilizer for the park gardens and food cultivation in the Rural Production Unit (UPR), where much of the food served to the animals in the Zoo (ZOO) and Zoo Safari comes from Bernal et al [1].
Leachate is a liquid residue of high organic contents and strong color produced during the percolation of water through the composted organic waste. During the passage of this water, various chemical, physico- chemical and fermentation processes occur concurrently and, for this reason, various organic and inorganic compounds, besides that microorganism and its metabolites can be transferred to the leachate. Thus, leachate from different sources can be considered as a distinct matrix with specific characteristics.
Currently, what is known of leachate are those generated in landfills that have a high toxic potential. But it can be considered that the one produced during the composting in FZPSP is different, due to the nature of the organic material and also the water used to cool the composters, which runs several times by the composting systems. Therefore, because there is very few information on leachates from different sources other than municipal landfills, by the differentiated characteristics of the process and also of the materials used during composting at OCPU there was interest in studying this particular leachate, the potential of this matrix in bringing nutritional and proteomic information.

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An Overview on the Roles of Bacterial Small RNAs in Regulatory Networks

Abstract

Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) are important molecules that regulate the expression of certain genes, depending on the different growth conditions of the cell and they are widely used by bacteria. sRNAs help the bacteria survive by being involved in many cellular processes such as nutrient deficiency, mobility, pH adaptation and oxidative stress. Current studies have succeeded in elucidating how sRNAs modulate the expression of different transcription factors. Thus, the integration of sRNA activity into comprehensive regulatory networks has begun to take place. Regulatory networks include regulatory circuits that have characteristic functions. In this review, the roles of some characterized sRNAs in regulatory networks and their effects on transcription factors are discussed. Furthermore, we describe specific regulatory circuits containing base pairing sRNAs and their importance in global regulation. 

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