A present and global threat called Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBLs) by Fernanda Machado Fonseca and Kennio Ferreira Paim in Biotechnology and Microbiology-Lupine Publishers.
The urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common cause of antibioticprescription in general medicine. The main etiological agents of
UTIs are the Enterobacteria, that account for about 70 to 80% of the
isolated microorganisms in the laboratory routine. In most cases,
the empirical treatment is initiated, without the request of the urine
culture, which can result in therapeutic failures and worsening of
the disease due to the development of microbial resistance [1].
Consequently, the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials can often
impose barriers in the control of infections by decreasing the
therapeutic options. In this epidemiological context, it is important
to note that the susceptibility profile as well as the etiologic agent
may also vary according to the environment in which the infection
was acquired. In the last few years, the resistance of the most used
antibiotics in clinical practice for treatment of Gram-negative
bacteria has increased worldwide. The treatment of infections
caused by these pathogens is usually performed with beta-lactam
antibiotics, drugs of first choice due to their efficiency and low
toxicity. Their inappropriate and excessive favored the emergence
of microorganisms with different mechanisms of resistance, being
the main of these, the production of beta-lactamase enzymes
that have the ability to hydrolyze the structure of the beta-lactam
ring, which decrease the drug effectiveness [2]. Among the
different types of beta-lactamase enzymes, Extended-Spectrum
Beta-lactamases (ESBL) confer resistance to third generation
cephalosporins [3]. As an example, ESBL-producing Escherichia
coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae are among the bacteria that
few potentially effective drugs are available-Lupine Publishers.
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