Thursday, June 27, 2019

Biotechnology and Microbiology-Lupine Publishers


How does the brain rid itself of waste products? Other organs in the body achieve this via a system called the lymphatic system. A network of lymphatic vessels extends throughout the body in a pattern like that of blood vessels. Waste products from cells, plus bacteria, viruses and excess fluids drain out of the body’s tissues into lymphatic vessels, which transfer them to bloodstream. Blood vessels then carry the waste products to the kidneys, which filter them out for secretion. Lymphatic vessels are also a highway for circulation of white blood cells, which fight infections, and are therefore an important part of the immune system. Unlike other organs, the brain does not contain lymphatic vessels. So how does it remove waste? Some of the brain’s waste products enter via the fluid that bathes and protects the cerebrovascular fluid before being disposed of via the bloodstream. Recent studies in rodents have also shown the presence of lymphatic vessels inside the outer membrane surrounding the brain the dura matter. Some reports show that the dura matter of humans and marmoset monkeys contains lymphatic vessels too. Spotting lymphatic vessels is challenging because they resemble blood vessels, which are much more numerous. In addition, it was found a way to visualize the lymphatic vessels in the dura mater using brain magnetic resonance imaging and could confirm that lymphatic vessels are present in autopsy tissue using special staining methods. For magnetic resonance imaging, monkeys and human volunteers received an injection of a dye-like substance called gadolinium, which travels via the bloodstream to the brain.


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