Chronic Granulomatous Disease: All Known Causative Mutations Collected

Abstract

Chronic granulomatous disease is an immunodeficiency mainly affecting children, usually at an early age, and presents as a susceptibility for severe infections with bacteria, fungi and yeasts. Patients with chronic granulomatous disease have mutations in the genes that encode the components of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase. This system generates reactive oxygen species that are essential for intracellular killing of microorganisms. In a world-wide cooperative action, all published and unpublished mutations in these genes have recently been collected. In addition, known polymorphisms in these genes have also been retrieved, thus aiding in correct interpretation of genetic analysis of the patients.

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Microbial Remediation of Dichloro-Diphenyl- Trichloroethane (DDT)

Abstract

The insecticide had been intensively applied for agricultural pest control since 1940. It was disqualified because it persists in the environment, accumulates in fatty tissues, and can cause bad health effects on wildlife and human being. The organochlorine (DDT) has been programmed under the Stockholm Convention to protect human health and the environment from Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Biodegradation is carried out by microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that naturally live in the environment. Bacteria and fungi have very diverse metabolisms, and they use a wide variety of food and energy sources and perform many important functions by decomposition. Complete biodegradation of DDT involves the oxidation of parent compound to form carbon dioxide and water and provides both carbon and energy for the growth and reproduction of microbes. Each degradation step is catalyzed by specific enzyme produced by a degrading cell or enzyme found external to the cell. Degradation of insecticide by enzyme will stop at any step if an appropriate enzyme is not present. Effects of DDT on human health and the environment depend on the dose of DDT and the timespan and frequency of exposure. It effects also depend on the health of a person and certain environmental factors. DDE and DDT can pass to the fetus in pregnant women. Both chemicals are found in breast milk, resulting in exposure to nursing infants. Microbes can be screened out from soil and wastewater as an effective tool for biodegradation of toxic organic chemicals. Phanerochaete and related fungi that have the ability to attack wood possess a powerful extracellular enzyme that, acts on a broad array of organic compounds

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Assessment and Mapping of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Risk Factors from Different Northern Health Centers in Rwanda

Abstract

Aim: The general objective of this study involved the assessment and mapping of intestinal parasitic infections in Rwanda.

Methods: In this study, Rwandan health centers and hospitals from different region were targeted. For each suspected patient was given a labeled stool container to collect stool sample. The stool samples were carried to parasitological laboratory for parasitological examination. Macroscopic examination was performed, and direct smears prepared with normal saline and/ or iodine for parasites analysis under microscope (objectives 10×and 40×). Risk factors associated to intestinal parasites were assessed using structured questionnaires given to patients. Obtained cross sectional results of intestinal parasites prevalence and associated risk factors from different Rwandan Northern health centers were used, analyzed by SSPSS version 16, Microsoft Excel and Arc Map and records are incorporated into a geographical system for mapping.

Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Rwanda according to 3139 patients who answered well the questionnaire was 57% among the age group below 5 years old, 54.96% among the age group of 5-15 years old, 57.41% among the age group of 15-25 years old, 55.37% among the age group of 25-35 years old, 59.59% among the age group of 35-45 years old and 49.40% among the age group of ≤45 years old. In the present study, the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was significantly 65.39% among the age group of ≥45 years and was higher compare to other age groups.

Conclusion: This current study has tried to point out relatively assessment and mapping of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors in Rwanda. The relatively high prevalence rate of intestinal parasites infections in Rwanda are the reflection of poor sanitation of the environment, poor personal hygiene, relatively unhygienic water supply and lack of clean drinking water supply. Those were the main risk factors for intestinal parasites infection in Rwanda.

Recommendation: There is a need for community mobilization towards provision and use of safe and adequate water supply, latrine construction to reduce open field defecation. The high overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in this present study need the mass deworming in the community and establishment of good personal hygiene and environmental sanitation; public health education is also necessary on the transmission of intestinal parasitic infections in communities, participatory approaches and combined efforts from the community and health sectors are needed to control the study areas.

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