Lupine Publishers | The Study on Repellent Activities of Four Kinds of Plant Essential Oils

  Lupine Publishers | Current Trends on Biotechnology & Microbiology

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the mosquito repelling effects of four plant essential oils. Methods National standard method was adopted to test the mosquito repelling effects of four plant essential oils. Response surface methodology was used to analyze the optimum ratio of the essential oils.

Results: The repellent effects ranked as follows:

Chrysanthemum oil>Calendula oil>Holly oil>Anise-star oil. And the synergistic effects were regarded with the combination of chrysanthemum and calendula oil. The mosquito repelling effect was up to (93.33±2.57)% when 50μL chrysanthemum oil and 18.49μL calendula was mixed together in the 0.075m3 cylinder.

Conclusion: The four plant essential oils all have good mosquito repelling effect and show synergism when they are mixed

Keywords: Plant essential oil; Mosquito repelling effect; Complex with; Synergism; Response Surface methodology

Introduction

Every spring and summer, the mosquito breeding speed increases, which brings great trouble to people’s life and work. Not only it itches badly after the mosquito biting, but also it can spread malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and other diseases [1- 3]. In daily life, people will use a variety of mosquito repellents. Repellents are divided into chemical synthesis and plant source repellents. Among all these chemical syntheses, DEET has the most widely use [4,5]. But in recent years, Research have shown that DEET has a negative effect upon human body and is harmful to the environment. As the mosquitoes have been producing resistance to chemical repellents and the environmental pollution of chemical repellents has been worse [6]. People are paying more and more attention to environmentally friendly plant repellents [7]. Therefore, how to look for some new plant repellents taking place of DEET has become a hot topic.
Plants essential oils have the following advantages: low toxicity, without injury to the human body, environment-friendly and easily degradable. However, the repellency and permanence of plants essential oils are lower than synthetic repellents. Peppermint leaf and basil extracts have high repellent activity, but still below DEET’s [8] & Kwaka et al. [9] found that the protective rates on anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes of sweetscented basil leaf oil, african basil oil and DEET was respectively 91.98%, 89.75% and 93.40%, and the protection rate of culex pipiens fatigans was 88.65%, 90.50% and 91.30%. Weibin M [10] has studied the fumigation activity of holly essential oil against culex pipiens pallens. Holly essential oil had a good knockdown activity against culex pipiens pallens and KT50 was 3.91min with 12μL/L concentration.
Holly oil, chrysanthemum essential oil, calendula and star anise oil these four kinds was chosen and assessed the repellent against aedes albopictus for their broad source. The plant essential oils with good repellent ability were screened out by the combination of essential oils. It will provide experimental datum for finding natural mosquito repellent substances.

Experimental Materials and Instruments

Experimental material

Plant essential oils: chrysanthemum essential oil, holly oil, calendula, star anise oil. The four plant essential oils were all extracted by steam distillation and should be stored in cool 4 ℃ and dark condition. All oils were provided by Ningbo Dayang Limited Company.

Test mosquitoes: Aedes albopictus female adults (3-4days old) were taken for the research. Larvae were reared at 12:12 light/ dark photoperiod, 70±2% RH, and 26 ℃ in an insectary in Ningbo Dayang Limited Company.

Experimental instrument

Mosquito cage(40cm×30cm×30cm), Cylinder (The cage is composed of three cages which diameter 25cm and length 50cm. The three cylinders are separated by baffles). The fittings were all our own making.

Experimental Method

Determination of mosquito repellent properties of essential oils[11]

Determination of laboratory mosquitoes and workers: Using aggressivity experiment, 300 mosquitoes were placed in the mosquito cage. Experimenter (men and women are not limited. Don’t drink alcohol, tea or coffee during the test and fragrance products are not used). The dorsum of the hand was exposed to a 40mm×40mm area and the rest of skins were sheltered closely. The experimenters extend their hands into the mosquito cage, shaking their hands to disperse the mosquitoes before the mosquito mouthparts pierce the skin, as 1 mosquito stop. The number of mosquitoes stopping on the skin during 2min were observed. More than 30 mosquitoes were stopped, the experimenters and mosquitoes, attack was up to standard.

Determination of effective protection time: Four qualified experimenters (male and female were half each) were selected. Apply a certain amount of plant essential oils being tested to a hand which exposed to 40mm×40mm skin (closely masking the rest). After 5 minutes, put the experimenters’ hands into the mosquito cage for 2 minutes. Observe whether it has any mosquitoes came landing frequency and blood feeding. Than the essential oils were tested every fifteen minutes after that. The essential oils were judged to invalid as long as a mosquito comes to suck blood. Record effective protection time(min) for plant essential oils repellents. The other hand was served as blank control.

Determination of repellent rate of compound plant essential oil: To select the essential oils with effectively repellent from “2.1.2”, and use Optimal in Design-Expert 8.0.6 software to design compound experiment of essential oils of plant.100 female mosquitoes were placed in the middle cylinder of three 0.025m³ cylinders (separated by baffles). Put the test oil in the other side of the cylinder. Two pieces of baffle between 3 cylinders are drawn at the same time in 2 minutes. Plug the bezel back in 10 minutes. Record the number of mosquitoes on both sides of the cylinder. Calculate the rate of essential oil repellent according to the following formula.

Results

The results of plant essential oil effective protection time

The effective time of four plant essential oils to repel mosquitoes: Four essential oils showed different repellent effects to Aedes albopictus. The repelling effectiveness time of the four essential oils ranked as follows: Chrysanthemum oil> Calendula> Holly oil> Anise-star oil. The repelling effectiveness time of chrysanthemum essential oil was up to 151.67 minutes (Table 1).

The repellent efficiency of mosquitoes to compound plant essential oil: According to the experimental results of four essential oils repellent effective protection time and considering the adaptation of essential oils aroma to the population. The essential oil of chrysanthemum and marigold was screened and compounded to test the rate of mosquito repellent. The results are shown in Table 2, 3 and Figure 1.

According to Table 3, the quadric polynomial fitting equations of the effect of plant essential oils on the rate of insect repellent was obtained.

Figure 1: RSM analysis for interactive effects of chrysanthemum oils and calendula complexed

Table 1. The effective protection time of mosquitoes on plant essential oils.

Table 2. The experimental results of chrysanthemum oils and calendula complex.

Table 3. ANOVA for response surface quadratic model analysis of variance table on chrysanthemum oils and calendula complex.

The repellent rate=85.91+15.05A+13.51B-24.76AB-10.44A²- 21.57B², R²=0.9646

The result shows that the regression model (P<0.01) has very significant statistical significance. The two kinds of essential oils on the repellent rate have a significant impact (The P value of A、B、AB、B² was less than 0.05). The influence sequence is as follows: Combination of chrysanthemum and marigold essential oil AB>Chrysanthemum oil A>Calendula oil B. From the experimental data and statistical analysis, there is obvious interaction between the two essential oils, compound essential oil repellent rate was significantly stronger than that of chrysanthemum and Calendula essential oil and the two essential oils have synergistic effect.
According to the analysis of the software, the mosquito repelling effect was 91.99% when 50μL chrysanthemum oil and 18.49μL calendula was mixed in the 0.075m³ cylinder. Under this condition, three verification experiments were carried out. The average mosquito repelling rate was 93.33%, the RSD was 2.57%(n=3). This result was close to the value predicted. It shows that the regression model has a certain prediction reliability.

Discussion

The research and development of plant essential oil repellent products cannot meet the current market demand. In this experiment, four essential oils were used to do mosquito repellent test on Aedes albopictus. The essential oils of Chrysanthemum oil, Calendula, Holly oil and Anise-star oil have repellent effects on Aedes albopictus. Among them, effects of chrysanthemum oil and Calendula repellent are good. The combination of the two has synergistic effect on mosquito repellent. Chrysanthemum and Calendula belong to the composite. They smell alike and are popular with the public. It has the potential to develop into a new generation of mosquito repellents and insect repellents. As a purely natural extract, it has an obvious advantage over chemically synthesized insecticides of the same kind.

Conclusion

The composition of essential oils is very complex. Now most of the studies focus on the use of plant essential oils as a whole or as a single ingredient in essential oils. However, there are few studies on the interaction between various components and essential oils. The synergistic effects between different essential oils and different active components need to be studied.

 

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Lupine Publishers | Hidden Tale of Pollution: Need of Solution

 Lupine Publishers | Current Trends on Biotechnology & Microbiology

 

Editorial

Environment and human beings are too interlinked with each other as we are part and parcel of it. As human beings are shaping into super beings with help of science and technology in this process new pollutants are invited into environment on regular basis. We are just postponing and changing the dumping areas which eventually occupying environment making more complicated to clear. This means we are at high risk from those pollutants as they are occupying in all levels as we are unable to sustain far with all these dumping of pollutants. Environment is not advancing as fast as pollutants to degrade them through natural process and retain to normal condition. Products obtained from living organisms, have simple mechanisms to dispose and degrade them into useful forms. The dumping of nature as carbon deposits from millions of years stored in earth, are now released again into atmosphere by us. If we go on in this process, we will pay the price to our own acts. We know this from the eve of origin of life i.e., 3.5 billion years ago with many new combinations of chemicals and their fluctuations, kept many organisms at bay. Cyanobacteria released oxygen approximately 2.5 billion years ago, as oxygen, which increased slightly become a pollutant took its toll by killing many organisms. If we go through five mass extinctions occurred in past, we can clearly see pollutants are playing major role in creating disasters for living organisms. In Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction, carbon dioxide was sucked into rocks which caused glaciations causing many organisms death. In late Devonian mass extinction, Sulphur dioxide occurred as acid rains causing many organisms to perish. In Permian-Triassic mass extinction also called great dying may be caused by release of carbon dioxide, greenhouse gasses as methane which lead to global warming which indirectly lowered oxygen levels leading to mass extinction. In Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction, carbon dioxide levels were quadrupled making the mighty dinosaurs to death. In Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, most of the species wiped out due to increase of components like Sulphur. From the above we can figure out if pollutants not treated, they will take their price wiping out organisms how mater big they are without showing mercy or forgiving. Now it’s necessary to think and analyze how vulnerable we are to fight with pollutants. It is need of hour to find new solutions to clear pollutants with help of our co-organisms like plants and microorganisms to battle with pollutants. It is well known truth that microorganisms are used from dawn of humans, for our own benefits in food and spread it to medical applications, now we are extending them to degrade the pollutants. Microorganisms are living biotechnology laboratories which are boon for human race to modify and use them. These little soldiers can be genetically modified and use them for just to degradation of pollutants at all levels. They had lived through very harsh environment from their origin and have a great deal in using some of the pollutants as their substrates. Already there are so many microorganisms involved in bioremediation and biodegradation process, in these lines microorganisms should be used within control to protect us from the pollutants. We need to prepare not only for to clean up our pollutants but also be ready to clear any type of pollutants when occurred abruptly.
There should be many discussions and debates on the environment issues through which innovations and new findings will come out, without discussions and also without proper guidelines there will be more harassment to health of environment which ultimately takes it wrath on humans. We should now build up for living in this world with sustainable development and the scientists should focus on the environment pollutants to dispose them fast without much suffering of the environment. The advancements of Science and technology can’t be sopped as that’s what makes the humans to survive with less energy and happily comfortably but with this, we should also make new discoveries for the pollutant disposal.

 https://lupinepublishers.com/biotechnology-microbiology/pdf/CTBM.MS.ID.000115.pdf

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Lupine Publishers | Physiological Effects of Nature on Human Body

 Lupine Publishers | Current Trends on Biotechnology & Microbiology

 

 

Opinion

Modernization and fast life are attracting the world to city life. Currently more than half of the world population is living in modern, relaxed environment but away from nature and are constantly exposed to stress. As a result of these stressful situations in modern society, relaxing effects of nature are receiving positive attention. Lack of open areas in city and cramped space in high rising apartments are restraining.
Recent research has demonstrated that natural environment plays an integral role in health promotion, and there is a positive relationship between nature-derived stimuli and human health. Ayurveda has mentioned 3 types of mental temperaments a) Doshas of mind-Satvika,
b) Rajisk,
c) Tamsik.
Each of this has a distinct character of its own. Tamas is state of inertia, rajas denote activity and sattava-a transactive state of mind.
Further, Tamas is a mood of lethargy, indolence, indifference, indisposed to activity. Also, a condition of sloth and sleep with no intellectual conviction to pursue, nor emotional feeling to manifest. A person steeped in tamas lives a dull, inactive life, with minimum responsiveness to the world. Rajas is a state of passion, desirous to achieve and agitated. In other words, a state where an individual bristle with frenzied actions leading to his involvement in affairs of the world. Sattva is a state of thoughts in equinity, serenity of mind and objectivity in actions. In simpler words when a person is poised but mature, contemplative and detached from worldly involvement and excitement. Sattva, rajas and tamas composed in different properties, account for heterogenous variety of human beings. In toto every individual possesses all three unas/temperaments but, they change from time to time and place to place.
At Kayakalp we envisioned to bring health seekers closer to nature to enhance their satvika temperament. To effect this change, gardens full of flowers are developed across the facility. When health seekers visualise flowers, it decreases oxy-haemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentrations in the prefrontal cortex; enhances parasympathetic nervous activity, which is otherwise increased in relaxed state and suppresses sympathetic nervous activity, that is usually found increased in aroused or stressed state. It also decreases pulse rate and reduces blood pressure, lowers down pain ratings, anxiety and fatigue. Thus, when we are exposed to natural environment, our body reverts to how it should be, and we can name this treatment as “Nature therapy-a set of practice aimed at achieving preventive medical effects”. It is achieved through exposure to natural stimuli rendering a state of physiological relaxation and boosts the immune functions to prevent diseases. This therapy is now increasingly recognized as an effective relaxation and stress management tool and has the potential to be more widely adopted as a complementary therapy in the future.

https://lupinepublishers.com/biotechnology-microbiology/pdf/CTBM.MS.ID.000114.pdf 

 

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