Does Seed Inoculation with PGPRs Affect Germination and Final Biomass of Flax Under Drought Stress Conditions?

Seed germination as a primary aspect of growth is sensitive to water deficit. The current experiments were carried out to test the effects of drought stress and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation on seed germination, seedling growth, and biomass production of flax. Initially, the efficacy of PGPR (control, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus sp. strain1, Bacillus sp. Strain2, Azotobacter chroococcum, Pseudomonas putida, and Azospirillum lipoferum) and drought stress (0, -0.75, -1.5, -2 and -2.5 bar of PEG-6000) were estimated on flax germination under laboratory conditions. Then, bacterial treatments for the pot experiment were selected based on the laboratory experiment results (individually and in combination). Drought stress levels in the pot experiment were included 50%, 75%, and 100% crop water requirement. Results showed that the seeds inoculated with PGPRs under drought conditions positively affected seed germination and seedling growth under laboratory conditions. On the other hand, in the pot, emergence properties, dry biomass production, and root-related traits of bacterial inoculated plants were also improved compared with controls. B. amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus sp. strain1, and A. chroococcum in laboratory and coapplication of mentioned rhizobacteria in the pot recorded pronounced impact on most of the traits. Moreover, bacterial inoculation is proved to be an effective technique to increase the performance, growth and final biomass production of plants under unfavorable conditions like drought stress.

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Happy Thanksgiving day!

 Happy Thanksgiving to you and your family. May God keep blessing you and fulfill all your wishes and dreams.

Carbon Nanomaterial and Solid-Phase Extraction: an Effective Adsorbent and Impressive Method for Measuring Norfloxacin in Biological Samples

Abstract

In recent years, drug use is on the rise, causing environmental pollution. Therefore, drug control is a common practice in many laboratories. This project focuses on increasing the method for determining small amounts of norfloxacin in aqueous and biological samples. Solid-phase extraction of small amounts of norfloxacin in aqueous samples using carbon nanotubes and visible and ultraviolet spectrophotometric measurements are used in biological samples. These systems include two phases, the aqueous donor phase and the acceptor phase of conjugated carbon nanomaterial.

Aqueous phase extraction and norfloxacin adsorption were performed in two experimental steps. First, methanol acidic solvent was used and the adsorbed samples were submitted to Vis-UV spectrophotometry for further analysis. Extraction parameters in this method This cheap and simple method is compatible with most tool analysis methods. These parameters include extraction time, adsorption of organic solvent effect, adsorption time, shaking time, the volume of donor phases, and optimized surfactant effect, and analysis and measurement were performed under optimal conditions. Low consumption of organic solvents, elimination of the effect of previous experiments, short extraction time, low detection threshold, and high concentration coefficient are the advantages of the mentioned technique and also the concentration factor and detection threshold for Norfloxacin were 49 and 8.96. The linear amplitude and relative standard were 1.46%.

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Biostimulation of Diesel Polluted Soil using Poultry Droppings

 Abstract

Bio stimulation is a form of bioremediation that involves the optimization of soil conditions such as pH, moisture, oxygen etc. to improve pollutant degradation. It embodies the introduction/ addition of nutrients to aid microbial growth. The impact of diesel pollution on the physicochemical properties of soil and the effects of remediation using poultry droppings was investigated. Sample soil, polluted with diesel was simulated in a single bio-treatment unit. Before contamination, the soil sample was characterized after digestion (using 1:1 ratio of 0.25M hydrochloric acid and Nitric acid) to determine the intrinsic properties of the soil. For effective treatment, a 2:1 mixture (w/w) of the polluted soil and the substrate in addition to 25ml of nutrient agar was utilized. The physicochemical properties of soil and rate of pollutant degradation after remediation was monitored for a period of 8 weeks. The initial total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) present in the experimental soil at week 1, was 2.44×105 cfu/g. The total heterotrophic bacterial after bioremediation was 3.74×105 cfu/ g. Also, the total hydrocarbon content (THC) decreased from an initial value of 7.89 mg/kg at week 1 to 2.67mg/kg at week 8. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of poultry droppings as a potent remediation tool for diesel polluted soil.

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Genetics and Human Intelligence

 Abstract

High intelligence is a valuable human capital that is correlated with success in one’s life. Human intelligence is governed by genetics as well as environmental factors. Recent studies indicate that contribution of genetics to intelligence is greater as compared to environment. Based on the above facts, we have gone through literature available on this topic. In this review article, we have focused on the genetic factors which influence human intelligence. Intelligence, in terms of IQ, is a polygenic trait and counting of genes linked to intelligence thus continues. Heritability of human intelligence increases with age. Genes of intelligence can protect a person from certain disorders but increase the vulnerability towards other disorders. Nowadays, Gene Plaza and DNA Land can predict the genetic IQ of a person. Few studies so far have been done on human intelligence and its relation with genetics. Hence, intense research is required to explore the genetics of human intelligence.

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Bioremediation of Used Engine Oil Polluted Soil Using Goat Manure

 Abstract

 Hydrocarbon contamination of land, water, air, vegetation and human is a widespread global environmental concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of goat manure for the bioremediation of used engine oil polluted soil. 10kg soil sample was collected from a site free of used engine oil contamination (from an agricultural land in The Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, Ugbowo Campus, Benin City, Edo State in Nigeria) using a 22-cm hand-dug soil auger and stored in labeled black polythene bag. The sample was air dried, grinded and sieved through 2mm mesh before use. Before contamination, the soil sample was subjected to chemical digestion using 1:1 ratio of 0.25M hydrochloric acid and Nitric acid. Thereafter it was characterized to determine the physio-chemical properties. The physio-chemical properties determined include Total Heterotrophic bacterial, Moisture content Soil, pH, Electrical conductivity, Total hydrocarbon content (THC), Total organic carbon, Total nitrogen content in addition to the soil composition including percent sand, Total Phosphorus, Lead (Pb) and Iron (Fe). The used engine oil was added gradually into the bowl containing the unpolluted sieved soil sample and was properly mixed.

 The used engine oil was to serve as the pollutant. The soil samples were left for 4days for stabilization before the commencement of treatment process. The experiment was monitored for a period of eight (8) weeks under which appreciable level of remediation had been obtained. Result obtained shows that there was a gradual increase in pH, Electrical conductivity (EC) and Total Heterotrophic bacterial (THB), and also a gradual decrease in total nitrogen content (TNC), total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus (TP), lead (Pb), Iron (Fe) and total hydrocarbon content (THC). The result explicitly showed that goat manure is a good substrate for bioremediation of used engine oil polluted site with calculated engine oil removal efficiency of 62.67%. The kinetic modelling shows that the experimental data fitted well with pseudo-second order kinetic model. On predicting the rate of hydrocarbon loss with time the non-linear regression model gave higher coefficient of determination of 0.9874 compared to the linear regression model that gave 0.9665.

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It’s Time for Humanity to Understand what Fires in the Forests are about

Opinion

The main reason for the increased fire and danger of forests in the world is that humanity immensely applies mineral fertilizers in agriculture around the globe. These fertilizers (primarily nitrates) are raised by the wind with dust into the air and get inside the leaves of trees. This is worse than increased nitrates at the roots in the soil. The forests themselves occur as a result of a decrease in the root security of trees (Figure). Nitrates acidify the extracellular solution inside the leaves and activate the enzyme invertase. Increased by the action of invertase, the hydrolysis of sucrose prevents its export from the leaves to the roots to enhance their growth. In this case, theorni cannot provide water to the entire section of the wood of the tree trunk. The root security of the plant decreases, and the amount of water absorbed becomes insufficient to fill the vessels of dead wood. And it dries up [1]. In the photo from the Internet of a burning tree in Australia, this is clearly visible photo. Gorys dry wood inside the tree, and the bark does not burn. To eliminate this phenomenon, IT IS necessary.

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